Accreditation, Motivation and Institutional Performance: Exploring The Mediating Factors in Higher Education in Pakistan
Keywords:
Accreditation, motivation, higher education performance, mediation, university administrationAbstract
This study investigates the multifaceted relationship between accreditation, motivation, and institutional performance within higher education. Specifically, it aims to examine both the direct influence of accreditation on motivation and higher education performance, as well as the effect of motivation on institutional outcomes. In addition, the study explores the mediating role of motivation in linking accreditation to higher education performance. Adopting a quantitative research design, data were collected from administrative leaders across 105 universities in Pakistan using a combination of face-to-face and online survey techniques. The collected data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings indicate that accreditation significantly enhances both motivation and institutional performance, while motivation itself exerts a strong positive influence on performance outcomes. Furthermore, the results confirm that motivation acts as a meaningful mediator, strengthening the relationship between accreditation and higher education performance. This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by providing empirical evidence on the interconnected effects of accreditation and motivation, while also advancing theoretical understanding through the integration of motivation as a mediating construct. The findings offer practical implications for policymakers, institutional leaders, and quality assurance professionals, emphasizing the importance of fostering faculty motivation to ensure effective implementation of accreditation standards. Additionally, strengthening institutional performance across teaching, research, and service dimensions can enable universities to achieve balanced and sustainable excellence.
References
Acevedo-De-los-Ríos, A., & Rondinel-Oviedo, D. R. (2022). Impact, added value and relevance of an accreditation process on quality assurance in architectural higher education. Quality in Higher Education, 28(2), 186–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/13538322.2021.1977482
Addas, A. N. (2018). Challenges in Implementing Academic Accreditation in Higher Education in Saudi Arabia. Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Environmental Design Sciences, 12(1), 101–116. https://doi.org/10.4197/env.12-5
Agasisti, T., & Bertoletti, A. (2019). Analysing the determinants of higher education systems’ performance-a structural equation modelling approach. Science and Public Policy, 46(6), 834–852. https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scz033
Ahmed, F., Ali, Z., Khan, M. S., & Mullazai, M. (2023). A syntactic analysis of compound noun phrases of Balochi within the perspective of X-bar theory. International Research Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 4(3), 289-304.
Akosile, A. L., & Ekemen, M. A. (2022). The Impact of Core Self-Evaluations on Job Satisfaction and Turnover Intention among Higher Education Academic Staff: Mediating Roles of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation. Behavioral Sciences, 12(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12070236
Aldoseri, M., & Sharadgah, T. A. (2021). Assessing the impact of accreditation standards on quality assurance and risk management in higher education institutions: Faculty members’ perceptions. Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 24(Special Issue 1), 1–17. http://repository.psau.edu.sa:80/jspui/handle/123456789/3160906
Alshaikhmubarak, A., Camara, N. D., & Baruch, Y. (2020). The impact of high-performance human resource practices on the research performance and career success of academics in Saudi Arabia. Career Development International, 25(6), 671–690. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-09-2019-0209
Arrieta, M. C., & Avolio, B. (2020). Factors of higher education quality service: the case of a Peruvian university. Quality Assurance in Education, 28(4), 219–238. https://doi.org/10.1108/QAE-03-2020-0037
Asiedu, M. A., Anyigba, H., Ofori, K. S., Ampong, G. O. A., & Addae, J. A. (2020). Factors influencing innovation performance in higher education institutions. The Learning Organization, 27(4), 365–378. https://doi.org/10.1108/TLO-12-2018-0205
Asif, M., & Searcy, C. (2014). A composite index for measuring performance in higher education institutions. International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management, 31(9), 983–1001. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJQRM-02-2013-0023
Asif, M., Awan, M. U., Khan, M. K., & Ahmad, N. (2013). A model for total quality management in higher education. Quality and Quantity, 47(4), 1883–1904. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-011-9632-9
Badri, M. A., & Abdulla, M. H. (2004). Awards of excellence in institutions of higher education: An AHP approach. International Journal of Educational Management, 18(4), 224–242. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513540410538813
Banuri, T. (2021). Does Pakistan’s Higher Education System Need Reform? Educationist Tariq Banuri. TCM Originals. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lPkv9hEIUJw
Barney, J. B. (1991). Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700108
Bazeley, P. (2010). Conceptualising research performance. Studies in Higher Education, 35(8), 889–903. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075070903348404
Bigdeli, S., Arabshahi, S. K. S., Sohrabi, Z., & Zazoly, A. Z. (2021). Exploring the challenges of educational accreditation of teaching hospitals and providing the solutions. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 10(144), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_894_20
Certo, S. (2019). Supervision: Concepts and Skill-Building (Tenth). McGraw-Hill Education. http://www.amazon.com/Supervision-Concepts-Skill-Building-Samuel-Certo/dp/007802918X/ref=sr_1_fkmr0_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1399438839&sr=8-1-fkmr0&keywords=Supervision%3A+Concepts+and+Skid+Building
Chang, Y., Lin, K., & Tu, T. (2016). The Impact of AACSB Accreditation on Business School Students in Taiwan. Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 25(4), 615–625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-016-0289-y
cluster analysis and the use of financial ratio indexes. Economics and Sociology, 9(4), 259–271. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789X.2016/9-4/16
Cruz, N. M., Pérez, V. M., & Cantero, C. T. (2009). The influence of employee motivation on knowledge transfer. Journal of Knowledge Management, 13(6), 478–490. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673270910997132
Dattey, K., Westerheijden, D. F., & Hofman, W. H. A. (2017). Impact of accreditation on improvement of operational inputs after two cycles of assessments in some Ghanaian universities. Quality in Higher Education, 23(3), 213–229. https://doi.org/10.1080/13538322.2017.1407398
Deci, E. L., Cascio, W. F., & Krusell, J. (1975). Cognitive evaluation theory and some comments on the Calder and Staw critique. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31(1), 81–85. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0076168
Dicker, R., Garcia, M., Kelly, A., & Mulrooney, H. (2018). What does ‘quality’ in higher education mean? Perceptions of staff, students and employers. Studies in Higher Education, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2018.1445987
Edgar, F., & Geare, A. (2013). Factors influencing university research performance. Studies in Higher Education, 38(5), 774–792. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2011.601811 Feranecová, A., & Krigovská, A. (2016). Measuring the performance of universities through
Gao, Y. (2018). A set of indicators for measuring and comparing university internationalisation performance across national boundaries. Higher Education, 76(2), 317–336. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-017-0210-5
Gautam, D. K., & Basnet, D. (2021). Organizational culture for training transfer: the mediating role of motivation. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 29(3), 769–787. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-04-2020-2147
Gold, A. H., Malhotra, A., & Segars, A. H. (2001). Knowledge Management: An Organizational Capabilities Perspective. Jurnal of Management Information Systems, 18(1), 185–214. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40398521
Goos, M., & Salomons, A. (2017). Measuring teaching quality in higher education: assessing selection bias in course evaluations. Research in Higher Education, 58(4), 341–364. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-016-9429-8
Greenfield, D., Pawsey, M., & Braithwaite, J. (2011). What motivates professionals to engage in the accreditation of healthcare organizations? International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 23(1), 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzq069
Hail, C., Hurst, B., Chang, C., & Cooper, W. (2019). Accreditation in Education: One Institution’s Examination of Faculty Perceptions. Critical Questions in Education, 10(1), 17–28. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1203425.pdf
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) (Second). http://library.lol/main/2E811E6DC477469FEAF34CCE9103154D
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) (Second). SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743727x.2015.1005806
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L., & Kuppelwieser, V. G. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): An emerging tool in business research. European Business Review, 26(2), 106–121. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-10-2013-0128
Hassi, A., Balambo, M. A., & Aboramadan, M. (2021). Impacts of spirituality, intrinsic religiosity and Islamic work ethics on employee performance in Morocco: the mediating role of intrinsic motivation. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 12(3), 439–456. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-05-2020-0131
Hegji, A. (2020). An Overview of Accreditation of Higher Education in the United States
Hernandez-Diaz, P. M., Polanco, J. A., & Escobar-Sierra, M. (2020). Building a measurement system of higher education performance: evidence from a Latin-American country. International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management, 38(6), 1278–1300. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJQRM-04-2020-0133
Hoodbhoy, P. (2009). Pakistan’s higher education system - What went wrong and how to fix it. Pakistan Development Review, 48(4), 581–594. https://doi.org/10.30541/v48i4iipp.581-594
Horodnic, I. A., & Zait, A. (2015). Motivation and research productivity in a university system undergoing transition. Research Evaluation, 24(3), 282–292. https://doi.org/10.1093/reseval/rvv010
Hui, C. H., Cheng, K., & Gan, Y. (2003). Psychological collectivism as a moderator of the impact of supervisor-subordinate personality similarity on employees’ service quality. Applied Psychology, 52(2), 175–192. https://doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.00130
Hung, L. N. Q. (2020). Teachers’ motivation and its influence on quality education: A study at a center for foreign languages in Vietnam. Can Tho University Journal of Science, 12(3), 17–26. https://doi.org/10.22144/ctu.jen.2020.020
Hwarng, H. B., & Teo, C. (2001). Translating customers’ voices into operations requirements: A QFD application in higher education. International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management, 18(2), 195–225. https://doi.org/10.1108/02656710110379075
Ibrahim, H. A.-H. (2014). Quality Assurance and Accreditation in Education. Open Journal of Education, 2(2), 106. https://doi.org/10.12966/oje.06.06.2014
Inceoglu, I., Segers, J., & Bartram, D. (2012). Age-related differences in work motivation. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 85(2), 300–329. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.2011.02035.x
Iqbal, S., Ashfaq, T., & Moosa, K. (2022). Students’ perceived quality of academic programs in higher education institutions: an empirical study. Pakistan Journal of Educational Research, 5(4), 1–22. https://pjer.org/index.php/pjer/article/view/645
Iqbal, S., Ashfaq, T., & Taib, C. A. B. (2022). A systematic literature review on organizational performance in global higher education: an affinity diagram approach. Pakistan Journal of Social Research, 4(1), 688–701. https://doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v4i1.935
J. X. (2021). Impact of Non-Monetary Factors on Retention of Higher Education Institues Teachers Through Mediating Role of Motivation. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 20(Special Issue 2), 1–17. https://www.abacademies.org/articles/impact-of-nonmonetary-factors-on-retention-of-higher-education-institutes-teachers-through-mediating-role-of-motivation.pdf
Jalal, H., Buzdar, M. A., & Mohsin, M. N. (2017). Accreditation and Quality Enhancement Dynamics in Higher Education. Journal of Educational Research, Dept. of Education, IUB, Pakistan, 20(2), 127–145. http://jer.iub.edu.pk/journals/JER-Vol-20.No-2/10_Accreditation_and_Quality_Enhancement_Dynamics_in_Higher_Education.pdf
Jalal, H., Buzdar, M. A., & Naoreen, B. (2020). Effectiveness of Accreditation in Assuring the Quality of Teacher Education Programs: Exploring the Case of an Underdeveloped Country. Global Social Sciences Review (GSSR), V(I), 84–94. https://doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2020(v-i).09
Ke, S., Lin, W., & Tsai, C. (2016). Research performance of AACSB accredited institutions in Taiwan: before versus after accreditation. SpringerPlus, 5(1285), 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2934-6
Khan, M. S., Ali, Z., Burlea-Sciopiu, A., Ilyas, M., Shaikh, M. A., & Malik, M. K. (2024). Integrative Approaches To Complex Optimization: Stochastic Simulation, Multi-Criteria Fuzzy Decision Making, Super Economics, And The Interface Of Mathematical Economics And Nanotechnology. Kurdish Studies, 12(3), 311-325.
Khan, M. S., Ali, Z., Burlea-Sciopiu, A., Ilyas, M., Shaikh, M. A., & Malik, M. K. (2024). Integrative Approaches To Complex Optimization: Stochastic Simulation, Multi-Criteria Fuzzy Decision Making, Super Economics, And The Interface Of Mathematical Economics And Nanotechnology. Kurdish Studies, 12(3), 311-325.
Khan, M. S., Rahpoto, M. S., & Mangnejo, G. M. (2020). The effect of the financial crisis on corporal well-being: Apparent impact matters: Assessment of contagion to developing economies. Research Journal of Social Sciences and Economics Review, 1(3), 232-238.
Khan, M. S., Rahpoto, M. S., & Talpur, U. (2021). The effect of the financial crisis on corporal well-being: Apparent impact matters. In Internet of Everything and Big Data (pp. 25-34). CRC Press.
Khan, M. S., Wang, J., Memon, A. A., & Muhammad, T. (2024). Investigating the enhanced cooling performance of ternary hybrid nanofluids in a three-dimensional annulus-type photovoltaic thermal system for sustainable energy efficiency. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 60, 104700.
Khoso, A. A. K., Pathan, M. S. K., & Ahmed, M. (2022). Exploring the impacts and aftershocks of COVID-19 on Islamic banking and conventional banking in Pakistan. International Research Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 3(1), 179-192.
Khoso, A. A., & Pathan, M. S. K. (2021). The role of Islamic banking industry in the perspective of global financial sector and its impact in Pakistan's economic growth. International Research Journal of Education and Innovation, 2(2), 81-91.
Khoso, A. A., & Pathan, M. S. K. (2023). The mediating role of job satisfaction in the relationship between organizational culture and employee commitment in Islamic banking. International Research Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 4(2), 13-30.
Khoso, A. A., & Pathan, M. S. K. (2024). Digital Era and Super-Economics Shaping the Future. Al Khadim Research Journal of Islamic Culture and Civilization, 5(2), 92-105.
Khoso, A. A., & Pathan, M. S. K. (2024). Integrating Artificial Intelligence into Shariah Islamic Banking Recommendations for The Development of Islamic Banking. Al Khadim Research Journal of Islamic Culture and Civilization, 5(4), 29-41.
Khoso, A. A., & Pathan, M. S. K. (2024). Pakistan’s Shift to Islamic Banking: A New Era of Innovation and Global Financial Participation. AL-JAMEI Research Journal, 2(1), 175-183.
Khoso, A. A., & Pathan, M. S. K. (2024). The Use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Islamic Banking and Investment for Sustainable Economic Development. Al Khadim Research Journal of Islamic Culture and Civilization, 5(3), 44-55.
Khoso, A. A., & Pathan, M. S. K. (2025). Harnessing Artificial Intelligence in Islamic Banking: Transforming Financial Services Through Shariah-Compliant Innovations. Al Khadim Research Journal of Islamic Culture and Civilization, 6(1), 36-47.
Khoso, A. A., & Pathan, M. S. K. (2025). Understanding the Role of Cryptocurrencies in Advancing Financial Inclusion and Digital Transformation in Selected Developing Countries. AL-JAMEI Research Journal, 2(03), 53-65.
Khoso, A. A., Ahmed, M., & Pathan, M. S. K. (2022). Customer satisfaction standards according to Islamic and conventional banking system in Pakistan. International Research Journal of Education and Innovation, 3(2), 185-194.
Khowaja, I. A., Talpur, U., Soomro, S. H., & Khan, M. S. (2021). The non-banking financial institutions in perspective of economic growth of Pakistan. Applied Economics Letters, 28(8), 701-706.
Kinanti, E. S., Ritchi, H., & Handoyo, S. (2020). Factor Analysis of Service Performance in Higher Education Institutions. Journal of Accounting Auditing and Business, 3(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.24198/jaab.v3i1.24733
Kiziltepe, Z. (2008). Motivation and demotivation of university teachers. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 14(5–6), 515–530. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540600802571361
Kock, N. (2015). Common method bias in PLS-SEM: A Full Collinearity Assessment Approach. International Journal of E-Collaboration, 11(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijec.2015100101
Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining Sample Size for Research Activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607–610. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447003000308
Kumar, P., Shukla, B., & Passey, D. (2020). Impact of accreditation on quality and excellence of higher education institutions. Investigacion Operacional, 41(2), 151–167. https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/141916/
Lokuwaduge, C. D. S., & Armstrong, A. (2015). The impact of governance on the performance of the higher education sector in Australia. Educational Management Administration and Leadership, 43(5), 811–827. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143214535740
Makhoul, S. A. (2019). Higher education accreditation, quality assurance and their impact to teaching and learning enhancement. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 35(4), 235–250. https://doi.org/10.1108/jeas-08-2018-0092
Martin, A., & Thawabieh, F. A. (2018). The Effect of ISO 9001 to Oman Higher Education Operational Performance: Buraimi University College as a Case Study. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN, 13(6), 973–4562. https://www.ripublication.com/ijaer18/ijaerv13n6_106.pdf
Mastoi, A. G., Hai, L. X., & Saengkrod, W. (2019). Higher Education Service Quality Based on Students’ Satisfaction in Pakistan. European Scientific Journal ESJ, 15(11). https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2019.v15n11p32
Mata, M. N., Anees, S. S. T., Martins, J. M., Haider, S. A., Jabeen, S., Correia, A. B., & Rita,
McNeish, D. (2018). Thanks Coefficient Alpha , We’ll Take It From Here. Psychological Methods, 23(3), 412–433. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000144
Memon, A., & Khan, M. S. (2019). Industry academia linkages of Jamshoro universities: The case of University of Sindh, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology & Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences. Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences (MJBAS), 3(3), 13-52.
Mertler, C. A. (2001). Teacher Motivation and Job Satisfaction in the New Millennium. http://www.indiana.ed/-preschal
Muhammad, S. K. P. (2023). The influence of organizational culture on employee commitment and turnover intentions: A study of the importance of positive culture for retaining employees. Global Research Journal of Management and Social Sciences (GRJMSS), 1(1), 85-94.
Mullazai, M., Ali, Z., Khan, M. S., & Ahmed, F. (2023). Agent and theme theta roles in Balochi: A morphosemantic analysis. International Research Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 4(3), 332-347.
Murtaza, K. G., & Hui, L. (2021). Higher Education in Pakistan: Challenges, Opportunities, Suggestions. Education Quarterly Reviews, 4(2), 213–219. https://doi.org/10.31014/aior.1993.04.02.211
Nedwek, B. P., & Neal, J. E. (1994). Performance indicators and rational management tools: A comparative assessment of projects in North America and Europe. Research in Higher Education, 35(1), 75–103. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02496663
Nguyen, H. C., & Ta, T. T. H. (2017). Exploring impact of accreditation on higher education in developing countries: a Vietnamese view. Tertiary Education and Management, 24(2), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/13583883.2017.1406001
Nisar, A. (2019, January 21). Challenges for Higher Education System in Pakistan. Pakistan & Gulf Economist. https://www.pakistaneconomist.com/2019/01/21/challenges-for-higher-education-system-in-pakistan/
Nurfaizi, M. I., & Muafi. (2022). The impact of Islamic work ethics and transformational leadership on job performance with mediating role of intrinsic motivation. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478), 11(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v11i3.1779
Ofojebe, W. ., & Ezugoh, T. C. (2010). Teachers’ motivation and its influence on quality assurance in the Nigerian educational system. African Research Review, 4(2), 398–417. https://doi.org/10.4314/afrrev.v4i2.58352
Pathan, M. S. K. (2022). The impact of emotional intelligence on leadership effectiveness. International Research Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 3(3), 1-7.
Pathan, M. S. K. (2022). The influence of organizational culture on employee commitment and turnover intentions. International Research Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 3(4), 34-43.
Pathan, M. S. K. (2023). Assessing the mediating role of job satisfaction in the relationship between organizational culture and employee commitment. International Research Journal of Education and Innovation, 4(1), 1-11.
Pathan, M. S. K., & Khoso, A. A. (2023). Misfortune tragedy findings in Pakistan: A public learning perspective on virtue of economic recovery mindset. International Research Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 4(2), 1-12.
Pathan, M. S. K., Khoso, A. A., & Ahmed, M. (2022). Digital model anecdotes through artificial intelligence in socioeconomic and Islamic investments. International Research Journal of Education and Innovation, 3(2), 195-209.
Pathan, M. S., Ahmed, M., & Khoso, A. A. (2022). Islamic banking under vision of green finance: The case of development, ecosystem and prospects. International Research Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 3(1), 193-210.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 539–569. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100452
Rahat, S., & Pathan, M. S. K. (2021). Sustainable climate approach and in context of environment economy: A classical analyze matters. Neutron, 21(1), 40-45.
Rasheed, M. I., Humayon, A. A., Awan, U., & Ahmed, A. D. (2016). Factors affecting teachers’ motivation: An HRM challenge for public sector higher educational institutions of Pakistan (HEIs). International Journal of Educational Management, 30(1), 101–114. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-04-2014-0057
Rita, M., Randa Payangan, O., Rante, Y., Tuhumena, R., & Erari, A. (2018). Moderating effect of organizational citizenship behavior on the effect of organizational commitment, transformational leadership and work motivation on employee performance. International Journal of Law and Management, 60(4), 953–964. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLMA-03-2017-0026
Rodríguez-González, F. G., & Segarra, P. (2016). Measuring academic service performance for competitive advantage in tertiary education institutions: the development of the TEdPERF scale. International Review on Public and Nonprofit Marketing, 13(2), 171–183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12208-016-0159-6
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-Determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development, and Well-Being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037110003-066X.55.1.68
Saad, R. (2022). The impact of international professional accreditation on enhancing quality at higher education. Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies Journal, 26(2), 1–20. https://repository.aaup.edu/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1512/1/The-Impact-of-International-Professional-Accreditation-to-Enhance-Quality-at-Higher-Education-1528-2635-26-2-191.pdf
Sanyal, B. C., & Martin, M. (2007). Quality Assurance and the Role of Accreditation: An Overview. In Higher Education in the World 2007: Accreditation for Quality Assurance: What is at Stake? (2nd ed., pp. 3–17). Palgrave Macmillan. https://upcommons.upc.edu/handle/2099/8095
Schomaker, R. (2015). Accreditation and quality assurance in the Egyptian higher education system. Quality Assurance in Education, 23(2), 149–165. https://doi.org/10.1108/QAE-08-2013-0034
Seema, R., Udam, M., Mattisen, H., & Lauri, L. (2017). The perceived impact of external evaluation: the system, organisation and individual levels-Estonian case. Higher Education, 73(1), 79–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-016-0001-4
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research Methods for Business: A Skill-Building Approach (Seventh). John Wiley & Sons Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004 Srikanthan, G., & Dalrymple, J. (2003). Developing alternative perspectives for quality in higher education. International Journal of Educational Management, 17(3), 126–136. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513540310467804
Steers, R. M., Mowday, R. T., & Shapiro, D. L. (2004). Introduction to Special Topic Forum: The Future of Work Motivation Theory. The Academy of Management Review, 29(3), 379. https://doi.org/10.2307/20159049
Teo, T. S. H., Srivastava, S. C., & Jiang, L. (2008). Trust and Electronic Government Success: An Empirical Study. Journal of Management Information Systems, 25(3), 99– 131. https://doi.org/10.2753/MIS0742- 1222250303
Turner, A. (2017). How does intrinsic and extrinsic motivation drive performance culture in organizations? Cogent Education, 4(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2017.1337543
Ulker, N., & Bakioglu, A. (2018). An international research on the influence of accreditation on academic quality. Studies in Higher Education, 44(9), 1507–1518. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2018.1445986
Vlăsceanu, L., Grünberg, L., & Pârlea, D. (2007). Quality Assurance and Accreditation : A Glossary of Basic Terms and Definitions (M. Seto & P. J. Wells (eds.); Second). UNESCO-CEPES 2007. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000134621
Wasko, M. M., & Faraj, S. (2005). Why should I share? Examining social capital and knowledge contribution in electronic networks of practice. MIS Quarterly, 29(1), 35–57. https://doi.org/10.2307/25148667
Wernerfelt, B. (1984). A Resource-based View of the Firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5(2), 171–180. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2486175
Yaakub, M. H., & Mohamed, Z. A. (2020). Measuring the performance of private higher education institutions in Malaysia. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 12(3), 425–443. https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-10-2018-0208
Yilmaz, H. H., & Kesik, A. (2010). Administrative Structure and Financial Issues in Higher Education: A Proposed Model for Improving Managerial Effectiveness in Higher Education in Turkey. Journal of Finance, 158, 124–163. https://ms.hmb.gov.tr/uploads/2019/09/07.H.Hakan_.YILMAZ_Ahmet.KESIK_.pdf
Zaidi, A. R., Pathan, M. S. K., Junejo, H. A., Sohu, N., & Zardari, H. A. (2024). Navigating globalization: Pakistan’s sovereign state challenges and emerging opportunities. International Research Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 5(2), 547-561.
Zeithaml, V., Bitner, M. J., & Gremler, D. D. (2018). Services Marketing: Integrating Customer Focus Across the Firm (Seventh, Vol. 51, Issue 3). McGraw-Hill Education. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2008.01.008.A
