Al-Aijaz Research Journal of Islamic Studies & Humanities

Institutional Obstacles in the Contemporary Reconstruction and Implementation of Islamic Thought in Pakistan: An Analytical Study

Zaheer Ahmad Babar Zaheer Ahmad Babar — 2026-02-28

This study critically examines the contemporary formation and implementation of Islamic thought in Pakistan, highlighting the institutional, educational, legal, and socio-cultural obstacles that impede its effective application. The research explores the historical and intellectual background of modern Islamic thought, the constitutional and policy frameworks, and the role of state institutions in facilitating or constraining its dissemination. It analyzes structural, legal, educational, and social challenges, including curricular inadequacies, insufficient teacher preparation, bureaucratic inefficiencies, political pressures, and societal ambiguities influenced by global and media trends. Furthermore, the study provides a comparative perspective by evaluating the experiences of other Muslim countries, drawing lessons for institutional coherence and policy alignment. Based on this comprehensive analysis, it argues that a well-structured institutional framework, integrating research-based educational reforms, teacher training, and policy harmonization, is essential for bridging the gap between theoretical formulation and practical implementation of Islamic thought. Such a framework can enhance students’ intellectual and ethical development, ensuring sustainable promotion of Islamic values within Pakistan.

An Analytical and Comparative Study of Judicial Separation and Dissolution of Marriage: Evidence from District Swat (Tehsil Khwaza khela and Tehsil Bahrain)

Dr. Muhammad Mushtaq Ahmad Dr. Muhammad Mushtaq Ahmad — 2026-03-21

Family system is considered the basic unit of any society, and its foundation is marriage. In Islamic as well as in Pakhtun culture, marriage is considered a sacred and strong contract of social stability. However, when unavoidable differences arise in marital life and all attempts at reconciliation fail, divorce or any other means of separation is taken as a last resort. In the current era, like in various parts of Pakistan, increase in separation cases through courts has been observed in Malakand Division, particularly in Khwaza Khela and Bahrein Tehsils of District Upper Swat, where before 2000 AD, this ratio through courts was negligible. The aim of this research is to identify and analyze the causes of separation through courts in these two tehsils, based on judicial record. The study examines the records of Family Courts, the nature of cases, and the rates of annulment, khula, and divorce. The study indicates that economic pressure, domestic violence, interference by in-laws, overseas employment, and educational incompatibility are among the significant causes.

The Spirit of Collectivism and the Exemplary Character of the Companions (RA) during the Caliphate Rashideen

Muhammad Ahmad Muhammad Ahmad — 2026-03-30

This article explores the profound concept of Collectivism (Ijtemaiyat) and the pivotal role played by the Sahaba (Companions of the Prophet) in maintaining socio-political harmony during the Rashidun Caliphate. It highlights how Islamic teachings effectively dismantled ancient tribal animosities, replacing them with a "golden chain" of unity that the Sahaba protected at all costs. The paper analyzes several critical historical milestones, including the transition of leadership after the passing of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, the resolution of the Caliphate at Saqifah Bani Sa'idah, the decisive stance against Zakat-deniers, and the standardization of the Quranic script. A significant portion is dedicated to the "Ethics of Disagreement" (Adab-e-Ikhtilaf), illustrating how the Sahaba prioritized truth over ego and collective stability over personal opinion. Furthermore, the exemplary selflessness of Imam Hasan (RA) is presented as a masterclass in conflict resolution, where he abdicated his right to the Caliphate to prevent bloodshed. The study concludes that the true strength of the Muslim Ummah lies not in material resources, but in its internal unity and collective spirit.

The Impact of The Nineveh Civilization on other Civilizations

Dr. Saeeda Dr. Saeeda — 2026-03-31

Human history is a long story of the rise and fall of civilizations. Among the oldest civilizations in the world, Mesopotamia holds a very important place, where various nations not only laid the foundation of civilization but also gave new colors to human consciousness, art, literature, society and religion. Among these nations, the Assyrian nation and their great city "Nineveh" hold a prominent place. Nineveh was not only a political center, but also had such importance in terms of science, literature, religion and culture that its effects were deeply imprinted on later civilizations. The civilization of Nineveh had cultural diversity, intellectual depth and cultural breadth within itself. This city remained the capital of the Assyrian Empire for a long time and, due to its greatness and splendor, was the center of attention for other nations for many centuries. Nineveh is mentioned not only in archaeological discoveries but also in the books of divine religions, especially the Torah, the Gospel and the Quran, which indicates the international importance of this civilization. The civilization of Nineveh had all the elements that are considered essential for a civilized and developed society. Nineveh set a standard in urban planning, architecture, science and literature, religious rituals, and political organization that became the foundation for later civilizations. Under the patronage of kings like Ashurbanipal, not only a magnificent library was established here but also arrangements were made to preserve the intellectual capital. This scientific and cultural heritage later influenced Babylon, Iran, Greece, and even Islamic civilization.

Jihad: A Defensive Doctrine in the Light of Seerat-un-Nabi ﷺ

Dr. Sajjad Ahmed Dr. Sajjad Ahmed — 2026-03-31

Jihad as exemplified by the life of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ is primarily a defensive doctrine aimed at combating oppression and protecting the oppressed rather than a tool for coercive conversion or the imposition of political power. During his time Jihad was not about spreading Islam by force but was instead a means to restore peace and justice especially in situations of severe oppression. The Qur’anic teachings emphasize that war is permissible only in cases where there is an unavoidable need to defend against aggression not as an aggressive measure. This distinction highlights that Jihad is fundamentally about supporting the wronged and protecting those who have been persecuted rather than forcing religious beliefs upon others. Prophet Muhammadﷺ's teachings further clarify that war should be conducted with clear moral limits non-combatants, women, children and religious sites must be protected and prisoners of war should be treated with dignity and when possible set free after the conflict ends. Unfortunately in contemporary times, the concept of Jihad has been severely misunderstood and misused by extremists and terrorist groups to justify violent actions. This misrepresentation has distorted the true message of Jihad and has negatively influenced the national defense policies of Muslim states which may inadvertently adopt aggressive or unjust approaches in the name of Jihad. However the example of Prophet Muhammadﷺshows that Jihad should only be a defensive response to injustice focusing on restoring peace and securing justice rather than pursuing political or personal interests.

Sufi Engagement with The Prophetic Seerah in The Indian Subcontinent

Hassan Baig Hassan Baig — 2026-03-09

The Seerah (Prophetic biography) occupies a central place in Islamic scholarship, serving as both a historical record and a timeless guide for spiritual and ethical conduct. In the Indian Subcontinent, Sufi scholars and mystics engaged with the Seerah in distinctive ways that combined intellectual inquiry, devotional practice, and spiritual exemplification. Their contributions were not confined to textual narration; rather, they emphasized the embodiment of Prophetic character within the cultural, linguistic, and social realities of South Asia. Their efforts localized the universal message of the Prophet, making it accessible to diverse audiences and enabling the Seerah to function as a unifying source of spiritual identity. This paper examines the multidimensional contributions of Subcontinental Sufis to Seerah studies, highlighting their role in shaping Muslim piety, strengthening communal bonds, and fostering interreligious harmony. It argues that Sufi interpretations of the Seerah were dynamic, context-sensitive, and deeply influential, providing both continuity with Islamic tradition and adaptability to local needs. These contributions remain relevant today as models of how the Prophetic legacy can inspire spiritual renewal and social cohesion in contemporary Muslim societies.

The role of sports in promoting a healthy lifestyle among university students

Dr. Muhammad Zahid Mahmood Dr. Muhammad Zahid Mahmood — 2026-03-15

This study examined the role of sports in promoting a healthy lifestyle among university students. A quantitative cross-sectional survey design was used to collect data from 100 students enrolled in BS programs at universities. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire with two sections: demographic information and items measuring physical health, psychological well-being, social development, and academic performance using a five-point Likert scale. The collected data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) were used to summarize the data, while independent sample t-tests and Pearson correlation analysis were applied to examine differences and relationships among variables. The descriptive results indicated that sports participation improved all study variables. Social development recorded the highest mean score (M = 3.92, SD = 0.65), followed by physical health (M = 3.85, SD = 0.62) and psychological well-being (M = 3.78, SD = 0.58). Academic performance showed the lowest mean score (M = 3.70, SD = 0.60) but still reflected a positive association with sports participation. The independent sample t-test results revealed statistically significant differences between sports participants and non-participants across all variables. Sports participants reported better physical health (M = 4.12) compared to non-participants (M = 3.40), p < 0.001). Similarly, participants showed higher psychological well-being (M = 4.05), p < 0.001) and social development (M = 4.20), p < 0.001). Academic performance was also higher among sports participants (M = 3.88), p < 0.004). Pearson correlation analysis indicated significant positive relationships among all variables at the 0.01 level of significance. Physical health was strongly correlated with psychological well-being (r = .62) and social development (r = .58). Additionally, social development showed a strong association with academic performance (r = .60), and psychological well-being was positively related to academic performance (r = .54). The findings confirm that sports participation significantly contributes to improved physical health, psychological well-being, social development, and academic performance among university students, highlighting the importance of sports in promoting a healthy lifestyle at the university level.

The Quranic Sign of Inab (Grape): Integrating Prophetic Medicine with Modern Pharmaceutics

Dr. Sarosh Siddique Dr. Sarosh Siddique — 2026-03-30

The Holy Quran mentions Grapes (Inab) eleven times, citing them as a divine provision and a "sign for those who reflect." While classical Islamic medicine recognized their general benefits, modern pharmaceutical science has identified Resveratrol—a polyphenol found in grape skins—as a potent anticancer agent. Despite this therapeutic potential, the clinical application of Resveratrol is severely hindered by its poor water solubility, rapid metabolism, and low bioavailability. This systematic review aims to bridge the gap between Quranic wisdom and modern pharmaceutics by evaluating the efficacy of nanotechnology in overcoming these pharmacokinetic limitations. A systematic search was conducted using PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar to identify high-impact studies published between 2015 and 2025. The review specifically analyzes the formulation of Resveratrol into Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles, liposomes, and solid lipid nanoparticles. The findings indicate that nano-encapsulation increases the drug's water solubility by over 30-fold and provides a sustained release profile for up to 48 hours. Furthermore, comparative data reveals that these nano-formulations demonstrate significantly higher cytotoxicity against MCF-7 (breast cancer) and HepG2 (liver cancer) cell lines compared to the raw drug. This study concludes that modern nanotechnology effectively validates the therapeutic potential of the Quranic "blessed fruit," offering a novel, scientifically rigorous approach to integrating Prophetic Medicine with advanced drug delivery systems.

A Comparative Study of Private Sector Tenth Grade Learners' Ability in the Placement of Word Stress in Pronunciation

Naveed Ahmad Taseer Naveed Ahmad Taseer — 2026-03-31

This study investigated the effectiveness of different teaching methods in improving the ability of private sector tenth-grade learners to place word stress correctly in English pronunciation. The study was conducted at Dumfries High School of Excellence, Mandi Ahmad Abad, District Okara, Punjab. A quasi-experimental design was used with 120 students divided into four groups: Control, Grammar-Translation Method (GTM), Communicative Language Teaching (CLT), and Audio-Lingual Method (ALM). Pre-tests and post-tests consisting of written and oral sections were administered. The results showed no significant differences in the pre-test, but the post-test revealed significant improvement, with the Audio-Lingual Method group achieving the highest scores. The findings indicate that listening, repetition, and oral practice significantly improve learners’ word stress placement.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19389882

Social impacts of Ahmadi believes in the light of holy Quran and Hadith and their British support in subcontinent

Abdul Qadir Rahimoon Abdul Qadir Rahimoon — 2026-03-31

The social and theological emergence of the Ahmadiyya sect in the late 19th-century Indian subcontinent is often analyzed as a response to the era’s intense religious competition and colonial pressures. From a traditional Islamic perspective, the sect's core beliefs—particularly regarding the finality of prophet hood (Khatam-an-Nabuwat) are viewed as a fundamental departure from the Holy Quran and Hadith. While Ahmadi interpret specific Quranic verses and prophetic narrations to support the continuity of non-law-bearing prophet hood, mainstream scholarship relies on Surah Al-Ahzab (33:40) and numerous Sahih Hadith to assert that Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) is the absolute final messenger, rendering the Ahmadi position a point of deep social and communal fracture. Socially, the sect is frequently examined through the lens of its relationship with the British Raj. Critics and historians often argue that the British administration provided a protective political umbrella that allowed the movement to flourish as a counterbalance to the more militant anti-colonial sentiments found in mainstream Muslim circles. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad’s explicit stance against "Jihad by the sword" favoring a "Jihad of the pen" and preaching loyalty to the British crown is cited by social analysts as a strategic alignment that served colonial interests by promoting pacifism during a period of high nationalist unrest. This perceived British support created a lasting socio-political stigma within the broader Muslim community, leading to the group’s eventual isolation and legal exclusion in modern Pakistan. The interaction between their unique scriptural interpretations and the geopolitical realities of British India transformed a theological dispute into a complex social phenomenon. Consequently, the Ahmadiyya identity remains inextricably linked to these debates over religious authenticity, colonial collaboration, and the shifting definitions of Muslim identity in the post-colonial subcontinent. The social friction surrounding the sect is further intensified by the interpretation of Hadith regarding the descent of Isa (Jesus). While mainstream Islamic tradition expects a physical return of the Messiah to restore justice, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad claimed this prophecy was fulfilled metaphorically through him self. This shift in narrative was seen by traditionalists not just as a theological error, but as a social disruption that undermined the collective eschatological hopes of the Ummah. By redefining these foundational symbols, the Ahmadi sect created a distinct social boundary, leading to the development of a highly organized but insular community that operated independently of traditional communal structures. The legacy of British patronage also played a pivotal role in the movement’s institutional development. Under the colonial legal framework, the British maintained a policy of religious neutrality, which inadvertently protected minority sects from the direct social pressures of the majority. This legal shield allowed the Ahmadiyya community to establish a sophisticated global missionary model and educational infrastructure that mimicked Western organizational styles. However, this very success fueled the narrative among anti-colonial nationalists that the Ahmedi sect was a "planted" entity designed to fracture Muslim unity, a sentiment that continues to dominate the socio-political discourse in the subcontinent today.