The Compulsion Upon Muslims to Migrate Towards the Medina: (An Analytical Study of the Objectives and Causes From Historical Perspective)

Allah (SWT) is a lord of the universe and everything which are in this universe, these all are in the hand of Allah (SWT). When a load of evil acts were increased upon earth, then Allah (SWT) sent His last messenger Hadrat Muhammad (PBUH) to guide the off-track people. At that time, the entire world has drowned up in sinful deeds. The pagan Arab was illiterate, they forgot the name of Allah (SWT) and they made many idols for worship. In the ignorant Arab society, women and slaves were deprived of their fundamental rights. The girls were buried alive in the dust. It needed that someone guides them towards the right path. Hence, Allah (SWT) showered His blessing upon people and He selected the name of Muhammad (PBUH) for this mission. Hadrat Muhammad (PBUH) started his mission as a messenger of Allah (SWT) in pagan Arab society and preached the Islamic teachings for thirteen years in Makkah, besides the hard efforts, some people converted to Islam. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) and Muslims were facing the worst situation in Makkah. Ignorant Arabia increased their cruelty upon Muslims with the passage of time, hence, in this unpleasant environment, it was not possible for Muslims to fulfill the commands of Islam. Therefore, the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and Muslims migrated to Medina. The people of Medina were soft-hearted rather than Makkan's people and the environment was also pleasant for living. So, Hadrat Muhammad (PBUH) established an Islamic state there, where Muslims were easily accomplishing all the commands of Islam and as well as, all the basic rights were given to them. It was the first Muslim state in Medina, where the equality, justice, brotherhood, peace and harmony etc were maintained among people. The aim of this paper is to highlight the objectives of migration of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) to Medina. This work will be an important research work for its theme. Which will provide a lot of information for readers and researchers.


Introduction:
When we turn our faces towards past then we see the darkness of injustice everywhere before the advent of Islam and a dreadful picture comes before us. People had forgotten the lesson of monotheism. The black crimes had spread all over the place, nobody's wealth, life and honor were safe. Women and slaves were considered less than insects and they spent their lives like animals. They were deprived from their basic rights, such as; economic, social, inherit and marital etc. The birth of a girl was considered disgraceful and shameful in pagan Arabia, therefore, she was buried alive in dust. It was a cruel action of that time, but everyone was following it with this hope that they will save themselves from disgrace. A woman was not given respect, she was only considered a source to bear the birth of children. If we see, the entire world was going towards down fall. The business of interest was on peak. The wine selling and purchasing were common. The trading of illegal sexual intercourse was general, nobody felt it shameful for himself. On a little mistake, they killed [ 341 ] by Allah (SWT). The first revelation was revealed on Muhammad (PBUH) in the age of forty years. Hence, he began his mission as a prophet for humanity. He preached of Islam thirteen years in Makkah and ten years in Medina. Hadrat Muhammad (PBUH) had eleven wives such as; Hadrat Khadija (may Allah be pleased with her), Hadrat Soda Bint-e-Zama (may Allah be pleased with her), Hadrat Umm-e-Salma (may Allah be pleased with her),Ummul Masakeen Hadrat Zainab (may Allah be pleased with her), Hadrat Ayesha (may Allah be pleased with her), Hadrat Hafsa (may Allah be pleased with her), Hadrat Zainab (may Allah be pleased with her), Hadrat Umm-e-Habiba (may Allah be pleased with her), Hadrat Jawairia (may Allah be pleased with her), Hadrat Safia (may Allah be pleased with her) and Hadrat Memona (may Allah be pleased with her), and six children as two sons and four daughters. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) was died on Monday, 12th Rabiul Awwal 632 A.D. At the time of death, his age was 63 years. 5 This paper is consisted on some division, such as; the introduction, literature review and research methodology are explained in parts one, two and three. Whereas, Analysis of the problem and conclusion are described in parts four and five. The aim of this draft is to explain the given title of paper in appropriate way.

Literature Review:
This draft is very important regarding its theme. We have visited many libraries to gather materials, such as University of Peshawar's library, Archive library Peshawar and the library of SBBWU, Peshawar. We have seen a lot of literature concerning the life of Holy Prophet (PBUH) during our visit, but, which research work, we want to introduce in front of researchers and readers, this work will be a new research for people. People would take benefit from this work in the field of research. During the collection of materials, we found a book entitled "The Life of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)", its writer is "IBN Kathir (Translated by Rafiq Abdur Rehman)". It is a very informative book. He have explained all the events of the life of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) in his book in detail. This book proved very useful regarding our topic. 6 "Muhammad Sohail Bhutti" is a well-known writer. He has highlighted all the events of the life of Muhammad (PBUH) from childhood to death in his book in detail. He has used an easy way of writing. We have got a lot of information from this book to use in our draft. 7 "Mazhar ul Haq" is a famous writer. He has written many books and "A Short History of Islam" is a revealing book concerning history of Islam. He has elucidated the life of Muhammad (PBUH) in easy and short way. The writer has used very easy language. 8 "Mubarakpuri" has a eminent personality in the field of writing. He has written several books on different topics. "Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum", is the best publication of Mubarakpuri. He has explained the life of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) in his book in deeply. This is very interesting and informative book to collect information regarding Hadrat Muhammad (PBUH). 9 "Qazi Muhammad Sulaiman Salman Mansoor Poori", has written very famous book entitled "Rehmatullil Alamin", this is an useful and very interesting book regarding its topic. The writer has explained everything concerning Hadrat Muhammad (PBUH) in his book. We got a lot of information through this book to use in our draft. 10 "Ishtiaq Ahmad", is a renowned writer. His way of writing is very simple. He has written a book from the name "The Short History Holy Prophet Muhammad (saw)". This is a useful book. We took much information from this book and included in our paper to make clear summary of the draft. 11 Another famed research scholar is "Muhammad Husein Haykal". He [ 342 ] has discussed the entire life of Muhammad (PBUH) in his book and he drawn a map concerning the Arab society in very interesting way. After the reading to this book, every chapter regarding Islamic history is opened before the eyes of readers. 12 One more wellknown writer is "Sahibzada Abdur Rasol". He has described the history of Islam in a very simple and easy way. He has explained all the events, which were related to the life of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) deeply. 13 All the available materials, which have been discussed in literature review, this illustrates that a lot of sources in form of books, research papers, dissertations and newspapers are accessible in libraries. We have brought all the reachable materials in use for making this draft. This paper will be a new research work, because during the collection of materials, it proved that there is not any sort of research paper or book on the theme "The Compulsion Upon Muslims to Migrate Towards the Medina: (An Analytical Study of the Objectives and Causes From Historical Perspective)". Consequently, This research work has a great significance in the specific scenario.

Research Methodology:
This research work is based on descriptive research. The different materials are collected from different libraries in form of books, journals, magazines, research articles, newspapers and research dissertation. Furthermore, the different websites have been searched to make easy this draft. The primary sources have been taken, whereas, somewhere the secondary sources have also been applied to make clear the subject of this paper.

Analysis of the Problem:
The Compulsion Upon Muslims to Migrate Towards the Medina: (An Analytical Study of the Objectives and Causes From Historical Perspective) is a very important topic for its valuable purpose. Therefore, all the summary of this draft has been elucidated in an easy and simple way of writing. All the materials have been collected from different libraries such as, books, articles, newspapers and the internet etc. I tried to best to make this paper understandable and easy for researcher and readers. The explainable points of this article have been given below.

The Reasons of Migration to Medina:
There were many reasons behind the migration to Medina, which are explained below.

The Ignorant of Arabia:
Islam was not only a religion for a nation or a tribe, rather than, it was a religion for the entire world. Therefore, it was a responsibility of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) that he invited to other clans and nations to come in Islam. He tried to preach day and night for thirteen years, but a little group of people converted to Islam. Whereas, the majority of people did not leave their forefather's religion (idols worship). They were incessantly ignoring the preaching of Hadrat Muhammad (PBUH). According to the situation, it was necessary that the Holy Prophet (PBUH) gave attention to another place, where Islam could spread easily, this was a cause of migration to Medina. 14

Cruelty and Brutality on Muslims:
[ 343 ] The idolaters of Makkah were spending their lives in a dark period. Because they neither wanted to aware from the Islamic teachings nor they wanted to leave the worship of idols. They were the worst enemies of the Muslims. They wanted to eliminate Islam from the land of Arab, but they did not succeed in their mission. Therefore, they had hatred in their hearts regarding Hadrat Muhammad (PBUH) and Muslims too. This was the reason that Makkan tortured the followers of Muhammad (PBUH) through newly procedures. They wanted that the Muslims left Islam and again accepted the worship of idols. But it was not possible, therefore, they increased their brutality upon the followers of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). Due to which, the believers could not freely take a breath in the air of Makkah. Hence, Muslims moved towards Medina.

The Experience of Migration in Ethiopia:
Muslims had migrated to Ethiopia two times in the past. This was a good experience for them, consequently, they wanted to migrate to Medina. The idolaters of Makkah went to Medina for trading. Therefore, they had a lot of information about Medina. Whereas, Ethiopia was so far from Makkah and it was a stranger country for them. It was a cause that they wanted to go to Medina to begin the new life there. 17

Waiting for the Command of Allah (SWT):
Many people accepted Islam around the Makkah. In which, one name was of the leader of the tribe of Dows. Tufail Bin Umar (RA) had a strong fort, therefore he invited to Muhammad (PBUH) to live in it, but the Holy Prophet (PBUH) took on quiet over this invitation and he was waiting for the command of Allah (SWT). Ultimately, Allah (SWT) commanded to Muslims to migrate towards Medina. 18

Conspiracy of Murder:
When disbelievers of Makkah saw that Muslims were gradually migrating to Medina. Then they thought concerning the cutting of the root of Islam (the Holy Prophet (PBUH)) and prepared a suggestion, which was regarding the killing of Muhammad (PBUH). They did sharp their efforts for their mission. A big gathering of disbelievers was called in Darul Nadwah. In this gathering, all the leaders of different tribes participated, eventually, Abu Jehal offered a suggestion, he said that this will be better that we take a person from each clan, then they will attack upon Muhammad (PBUH) and will kill him. Everybody liked this proposal. Like that, each tribe of Makkah will contribute in this plan. So, Banu Hashim will [ 344 ] be alone, hence it could not fight against all tribes of Makkah and we will be succeeded in our mission. After this meeting disbelievers made siege of the house of Muhammad (PBUH). It was a serious reason for migrating to Medina. 19

The Objectives and Importance of Migration to Medina:
When we turn our faces to history of Islam then it is cleared that the migration of Muslims to Medina was a golden chapter of history. Because when it was needed to maintain the Islamic calendar in the period of Hadrat Umar (RA), then the Islamic calendar was started from migration and it was called "hijri calendar (the Islamic lunar calendar) 20 ". "Hadrat Ayesha (may Allah be pleased with her) reported that while he was in Makkah, Allah's messenger (PBUH) said to the "Sahabah" 21 , "I have been shown your place of "hijrah" 22 , a salty tract, palm-groves between two black lines of rocks". "After he said that some people migrated to Medina and some of the emigrants from Ethiopia also came to Medina". "According to Abu Musa, he also said, "I have had a vision that I leave Makkah and go to the land of dates. So, I thought of Yamamah or Hijr, but I learnt that it was Medina". 23 It is explained in above quoted ahadith that Allah (SWT) showed a dream to His messenger Muhammad (PBUH) regarding the migration to Medina. So, it is proved that the Holy Prophet (PBUH) already knew about the migration to Median. Hence, he commanded to his followers to migrate towards Medina to save their lives. Allah (SWT) says: that "O My Lord, cause me to enter a truthful entrance, and cause me to go forth a truthful out-going, and grant me from your presence an authority to help me". 24 Allah (SWT) inspired the Holy Prophet (PBUH) to make this supplication. He would remove his grief and sorrow if he got involved in that. Allah (SWT) also gave him permission to move to Medina. The "Ansar" 25 were there and he could make that place his home and count on the help of its inhabitants. 26 Allah (SWT) fulfilled His promise and made the land of Medina a protected place for believers, where they began to spend their lives with pleasure and calm. They were free to accomplish all the commands of Islam in Medina. Many people affected from good morals of Muslims, therefore numerous persons entered in Islam. Medina was the place of kind hearted people and they warmly welcomed to Makkan's Muslims. They gave place "Muhajireen" 27 on their land (Medina) and helped them from every aspects. Islam was rapidly spreading in Medina with the passage of time, it was a good sign. After some times, the first Islamic state was established in Medina and Hadrat Muhammad (PBUH) was made the first president of the Republic Islamic state. As well, everybody Muslims, Christian and Jews accepted the position of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) as a justice to solve their problems. Muhammad (PBUH) succeeded in his mission and the light of Islam reached all over the places. Finally Medina became a strong fort for Muslims and a centre of guidance for the peoples of the world too. Here ahadith of Hadrat Abu Hurayrah (RA) is quoted to make clear the importance of Medina that "he reported Allah's (SWT) messenger (PBUH) as saying, "Surely faith (and Islam) will recede to Medina in the same way as snake curls up and enters its hole". Further "Hadrat Abu Hurayrah (RA) reported that Allah's (SWT) messenger (PBUH) said, "I was commanded to migrate to such a land that will overshadow all other lands, that is Medina. And this Medina purifies people from sin just as bellows purifies the dross from iron". 28 With the migration, the position and power of Muhammad (PBUH) began to enhance and Islam was spreading on ground with the passage of time. The [ 345 ] advantages of migration to Medina are being described in some points below. 1. "Islamic movement was provided a centre, which became the nucleus of a state in the making. Medina was then chosen as the capital. 2. The founder of Islamic movement in its centre was regarded as the head of state. 3. The call for Islam was provided an open field for propagation. 4. The old audience were no more there. There were difficult types of people who were told about Islam and who readily joined the Islamic movement. The wide-open prospects of preaching was a boon for the call of Islam as new opportunities were offered and taken advantage of. 5. The days of physical torture were over. 6. With the establishment of Medina as the centre of Islam a golden period of success had begun and the period of decline for non-believers and idolaters had set in. Every step took Islam forward and falsehood backward. 7. Migration segregated the Muslims from the hypocrites. The Islamic movement got rid of its rotten element. Only true believers were left in the field. 8. Migration shifted the Muslims from a position of weakness to that of strength. They emerged as the builders and helpers of an upcoming Islamic State. Arabs realized that Islam and the Holy Prophet had grown as a power that could not be destroyed. The masses deserted their masters and gathered under the banner of Islam which was beyond anybody's power to uproot. 9. Migration was the major cause of the birth of an Islamic society with all its needs and characteristics. It also strengthened the collectiveness of Muslims with all blessings that follow. 10. After the migration, the Islamic fraternity scattered all over Arab, converged in Medina thereby strengthening Islam and converting it into a formidable power. 11. After the migration, Islam was no more an ideological concept but emerged as an ideological nation dominating all orthodox concepts of collectiveness. 12. After reaching Medina, Muslims and idolaters were identified as two warring group.
The period of helplessness for Muslims were over. Opportunities of Divine help opened up. The ensuing conflicts culminated in humiliating defeat for the idolaters of Makkah and a grand victory for the Muslims known as the conquest of Makkah. Thus migration became the starting point of a victorious journey towards Makkah. 13. Migration proved the cardinal principle of Islam that submission to Allah is the super most submission and that Allah's (SWT) path is the best path. 14. It was due to migration that a non-tribal and non-racial international Islamic brotherhood emerged. It was an ideological brotherhood based on equality and negation of all kinds of discrimination. In short the strategy of migration played a dominant role in the success of Islam". 29

Conclusion:
Migration was a very important step of Muhammad (PBUH) towards Islamic revolution. It was a revolt against oppression and falsehood. It was also an open acceptance of Allah's (SWT) sovereignty on earth. Migration was a negation as well as a remedy for national, regional, racial and tribal prejudices. This is a fact that everyone loves his home and [ 346 ] birthplace. But this is also a reality that migration provided through Islamic teachings a better criterion and standard of love. It was the love of Allah (SWT) and the Holy Prophet (PBUH). The migrants loved the Islamic Ideology and a purposeful life, which was superior and preferable to all other kinds of love. This was a philosophy of migration in the name of Allah. 30 Through migration, Muhammad (PBUH) moved the Islamic society from a state of helplessness and subordination to freedom and strength. Which opened a door of opportunity for Muslims and encouraged them to fight against the challenges of idolaters in the battlefields. This migration provided the scattered Muslims with a chance to come together in one centre and pool. In the supervision and guidance of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), Muslims got the place and time to prove their sincerity and significance. Migration gave an opportunity to the people of Medina to offer sacrifices and accommodations for their brothers in the faith and as well they also offered food and shelter to migrants. It was a proof that Muslims had love, sincerity and a wish of sacrifice for each other. 31